Who suffered Depended on who controlled the Colony. British and French Colonies excluding South Africa were comparatively better in regards to treatment of Natives. Other nations not so much. The Congo for example. Initially under control of Belgium’s monarch Leopold II via private entities was a humanitarian disaster. Forced Labor, Private Armies that terrorized and abused the natives at will.
Things improved when Belgium’s government directly annexed the Colony. But it still wasn’t a particularly great or Humane place.
Who suffered Depended on who controlled the Colony. British and French Colonies excluding South Africa were comparatively better in regards to treatment of Natives. Other nations not so much. The Congo for example. Initially under control of Belgium’s monarch Leopold II via private entities was a humanitarian disaster. Forced Labor, Private Armies that terrorized and abused the natives at will.
Things improved when Belgium’s government directly annexed the Colony. But it still wasn’t a particularly great or Humane place.